This post was originally published on Attorney at Work.
By Josh Taylor
Welcome back to the #LegalWritingReminders series! In this second installment, punctuation takes center stage. Punctuation is perhaps the most variant grammatical rule system among active writers. We need look only to the vigorous arguments surrounding Oxford commas (also known as serial commas). Beliefs around grammatical “rules” border on the religious.
Today we’re focusing on two areas of punctuation that often trip lawyers up when brief or memo writing: colons and semicolons.
Colons: How Not to Go Astray
In legal writing, colons are typically used to introduce list items. After all, law is a series of elemental lists. Where lawyers often go astray with colons, however, is failing to make the introductory clause a complete independent clause. In other words, what precedes a colon must read as a full sentence if it were on its own.
- Incorrect: The elements of robbery are: (1) the taking of the property of another (2) from his or her person or in their presence (3) by violence, intimidation or threat (4) with the intent to deprive them of it permanently.
There are a couple of fixes when your list structure matches the flawed example above. First, allow the sentence to read as one, and save your colon for another day. Second, simply transform the introductory clause into a complete independent one.
- Correct: Robbery is comprised of (1) the taking of the property of another (2) from his or her person or in their presence (3) by violence, intimidation or threat (4) with the intent to deprive them of it permanently.
- Correct: The following elements constitute robbery: (1) the taking of the property of another (2) from his or her person or in their presence (3) by violence, intimidation or threat (4) with the intent to deprive them of it permanently.
Lastly, a colon can operate very similarly to our next punctuation, the semicolon, and be placed between two independent clauses where the second explains or elaborates on the first.
- Example: Doctors agree that regular check-ups result in longer life: Three separate studies confirm that regularly seeing a physician increased life expectancy by four to seven years.
The Semicolon’s Main Tasks
As noted above, a semicolon denotes a relationship between two adjacent independent clauses (i.e., ones that can stand alone as separate sentences). Semicolons typically replace coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). Thus, a semicolon can be properly replaced by a period in this context, but nuance can be lost without one.
- Example: Several team members went out for drinks after winning the big game; a few others went home to rest up for the next round.
Similarly, a semicolon can separate two independent clauses where the second clause begins with a transitional expression (e.g., consequently, nevertheless, thus).
- Example: Nothing the speaker said made sense to the class; nevertheless, the students sat quietly and attentively.
When thinking about this next semicolon use, a superhero comes to mind. Indeed, the semicolon acts as something of a super comma (cue superhero music and voiceover) where list items require sublists.
- Example: Mark’s new house has a first floor with stately columns, a sitting room, and a library; a second floor with six bedrooms, a billiards room, and five bathrooms; and a spacious balcony overlooking the pool, the ocean, and the perfectly manicured gardens.
Once we as lawyers master our colon and semicolon use, we may be so lucky as to move into a house like Mark’s.
